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1657

The Sulpicians are teachers and missionaries. In 1663, four priests arrive in Ville-Marie and become feudal lords of the Island of Montreal. They play a leading role in the religious, economic, political, cultural, architectural and urban development of Montreal.

1659

François de Montmorency de Laval is ordained priest in 1647 and is named Apostolic Vicar of New France and Bishop of Petra in 1658. Known for his piety, humility and kindness, he actively participates in the life of the colony. He begins the Séminaire de Québec. In1674, Quebec becomes a diocese…

1659

Three “Filles de Saint-Joseph de la Flèche” – Sisters Judith Moreau de Brésoles, Catherine Macé and Marie Maillet, come to Ville-Marie to care for the sick and the wounded at l’Hôtel-Dieu.

1663

A very severe earthquake provokes land cave-ins, crevasses, river diversions, cabins to collapse, etc. In the seven months following the earthquake, aftershocks will be felt across Eastern North America.

1663

Louis XIV places New France under his direct authority and reforms the government of the colony along the lines of the government of France. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the French minister of finance, is placed in charge of reorganizing and developing New France.

1663

Approximately 800 young French women, often orphans, arrive in New France to marry and start a family. The royal treasury pays for their voyage, provides them with a dowry and helps them get established. This policy aims at substantially increasing the population of the colony and encouraging…

1665

Jean Talon is the first intendant of New France. He fulfils two mandates: from 1665 to 1668 and from 1670 to 1672. Appointed by Louis XIV and his minister of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Jean Talon establishes many reforms that aim at boosting the population and the economic progress of the…

1665

The Carignan-Salières Regiment has 1200 men. Its mission is to defend the colony and invade the Iroquois. It builds several forts along the Richelieu to drive back the raiding Iroquois who are allied with the English. When this mission is accomplished, approximately 400 soldiers choose to remain…

1667

Since the beginning of New France, the settlers are in constant danger of being pillaged or killed by the Iroquois. The Iroquois wars lead to the assimilation of several native tribes or to their dispersal across North American territory. The peace treaty signed in 1667 ensures the French colony…

1670

The Hudson’s Bay Company originates in London as a result of the rivalries between France and England over the fur trade in North America. After failing to interest the French Crown in their project, Médard Chouart des Groseillers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson convince Charles II, King of England,…

1672

King Louis XIV names Louis de Buade, Count of Frontenac and of Palluau, Governor General of New France. He governs until 1682 and then again from 1689 until his death in 1698. He develops the colony and engages in a series of battles against the English and the Iroquois. He is the author of the…

1672

In 1673, Louis Jolliet and the Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette explore the Mississippi River in search of a passage to China. In 1682, Cavelier de la Salle and Henri de Tonti explore the entire river all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. LaSalle takes possession of the land he names Louisiana in…

1689

France and England declare war on each other. In 1689, Iroquois warriors, allied with the English, make a surprise attack on the settlement in Lachine west of Montreal. Barns and houses are burnt down. Some ninety people, both men, women and children, are killed or abducted.

1690

After seizing Fort Pentagouet and Port-Royal in Acadia, the enormous fleet of at least 30 ships commanded by Admiral William Phips, travels up the St. Lawrence and besieges Quebec, whose defences are organized by Frontenac. The reinforcements from Montreal led by Louis-Hector de Callière arrive…

1692

Marie-Madeleine Jarret de Verchères, la fille du seigneur, est âgée de 14 ans quand la seigneurie est victime d’une attaque iroquoise en l’absence de ses parents. Ayant hérité de la bravoure de sa mère, elle échappe à un guerrier qui la poursuit et parvient à s’enfermer dans le fort. Avec…

1699

After Frontenac’s death in 1698, Louis XIV names Louis-Hector de Callière Governor of New France.

1699

There are over 100 smallpox victims.

1701

At the initiative of Louis-Hector de Callière, the Great Peace Treaty of Montreal is signed by France and by 39 Amerindian nations, putting an end to the third Iroquois war which began around 1684. The Agniers agree to remain neutral in the conflicts between the French and the English. This…

1703

This time, over 250 people die on the Island of Montreal.

1711

Around 1710, France and Great Britain declare war on each other. In order to take over New France and its fur trade, the English plan a new attack on Quebec. Despite Admiral Hovenden Walker’s sizeable fleet and army, the attempt fails when seven ships sink on the North coast of the Gulf of the…

1721

A devastating fire in the Place du Marché and Hôtel-Dieu district destroys half the city (171 houses burn down). Intendant Michel Bégon sets a new regulation: all new houses built within the city walls must be built of stone. This regulation contributes to the development of faubourgs outside…

1730

Forges Saint-Maurice is created near Trois-Rivières and forms the first iron industry in Canada. For 100 years, the ironworks remains the most technologically advanced in America. Iron production begins in 1738 and continues until the forges shut down in the late XIXth century.

1745

The Fortress of Louisbourg is founded in 1713 by the French. It becomes the capital of Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) in 1718. In 1745, a New England colonial force aided by a British fleet captures Louisbourg after a 47 day siege. The Sisters of the Congrégation de Notre-Dame, their students…

1755

On a ruling issued by the Nova Scotia Chief Justice, the British deport, without warning, between 6,000 and 7,000 Acadians to France and to the American colonies. They are accused of not assimilating fast enough and of not being good subjects of the British sovereign.

1758

Once again Louisbourg surrenders to the English under the command of Jeffrey Amherst. The siege lasts seven weeks. The British forces count 27,000 soldiers and seamen against 6,000 for the French and 39 ships against 10 vessels. Once again, the Sisters of the Congrégation de Notre-Dame, their…

1759

The city is bombarded relentlessly, day and night, for two months. On September 13, 1759, the French, commanded by Montcalm, lose the Battle of the Plains of Abraham to the British forces led by Wolfe. Quebec surrenders on September 18.

1760

Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, the last French Governor General of New France, and François-Gaston, duke of Lévis, the head of the French army, organize an offensive to retake the capital and besiege Quebec. Although unsuccessful, the French do, however, inflect one last defeat on…

1760

The British forces head toward the Island of Montreal. They advance up the St. Lawrence River from Quebec, descend from Lake Ontario and advance along the Richelieu River from Lake Champlain driving back the French and their native allies. James Murray orders the farms and houses along the way…

1763

The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years’ War. Britain officially takes possession of the majority of New France. It obtains New France, Cape Breton Island and the east bank of the Mississippi. The rest of Louisiana is given to Spain. France acquires the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The…

1600

In the XVIIth century, the kingdom of France becomes a power whose political, intellectual and cultural influence spread across a large part of Europe all the way to North America. At the time, the history of France is marked above all by the rise and the peak of “absolute power” of royalty. A…